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1989-08-06
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383 lines
Revised and reprinted from Proceedings of the Seventh ARRL Computer Networking
Conference (ARRL, Newington, CT, 1988), pp. 141-144, by permission of the
authors.
ARES/Data:
A PACKET RADIO DATABASE FOR EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
W. E. Moerner, WN6I
1003 Belder Drive
San Jose, California 95120
WN6I @ KB6OWT
David Palmer, N6KL
248 Omira Drive
San Jose, California 95123
N6KL @ KB6OWT, CIS: 73357,3157
INTRODUCTION
ARES/Data is a multiple connect, specialized bulletin board system tailored to
store and retrieve basic information about people, places, or things during an
emergency. The program is a generalized form of the FINDER program (Family
Information Database for Emergency Responders), written by David Palmer, N6KL
and W. E. Moerner, WN6I [See FINDER: The Family Information Database for
Emergency Responders, Proceedings of the Sixth ARRL Computer Networking
Conference, 1987, by W. E. Moerner, Sharon Moerner, and David Palmer].
Although ARES/Data allows access to the database via packet radio, the program
can also operate stand-alone without the need for packet radio hardware. The
actual operating mode is chosen by the system operator when the ARES/Data
program is started.
ARES/Data is a system designed for management of information during a
widespread emergency that overloads normal communications channels. The
program is designed to be flexible, so that it can be used without change for
both small and large disasters to organize information about victims, evacuees,
or even ham radio operators. Examples of situations in which ARES/Data could
be used are:
- registration of individuals at Red Cross shelters
- patient/victim tracking in a multiple casualty incident
- maintaining staffing information about hams assigned to an emergency
- listings of road closures or damage reports
- logging reports from SKYWARN observers during periods of severe weather
With alternate power sources and their own frequencies, Amateur Radio Emergency
Service (ARES) operators can provide the ARES/Data service without tying up
critical communications channels or relying on commercial power.
ARES/Data SYSTEM OVERVIEW
There are three major elements to the ARES/Data system:
- ARES/Data software and database
- Data Concentrators (remotely connected packet operators)
- Voice operators
The central element of the ARES/Data system is the computer on which the
ARES/Data program is running. The ARES/Data program collects and collates
current information about people or items in the system, according to the needs
of the incident. The program establishes and maintains the actual database on
floppy disk or hard disk at this central computer. In general, the operator at
the computer keyboard can add new records to the database, delete incorrect
records, perform searches for specific information, and generate database
summaries. The ARES/Data program will run on any IBM Personal Computer or
IBM-compatible system running IBM DOS or MS/DOS with at least one floppy disk,
although a hard disk increases the allowable size of the database and improves
performance. [IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines
Corporation.]
If remote access to the database is desired, addition of a serial port, TNC,
and radio allows the central database computer to become the hub of a packet
radio network in which up to eight remotely connected stations can
simultaneously access the information in the ARES/Data database. These packet
radio stations, called "Data Concentrators," can update or query the shared
database. This data access occurs by exchanging updates or queries in a
simple, precise, and well-defined format.
Data Concentrators extend the coverage of the ARES/Data system. They are the
input/output ports of the ARES/Data database when remote access is needed. The
Data Concentrators can also act as local net controls for any participating
voice operators within their range. If voice operators are not needed, the
packet operators interact with the public and/or disaster officials directly.
The Voice Operators enter the ARES/Data system when the points of contact with
those needing information are numerous and/or spread over a wide area. These
amateurs are also the public face of the ARES/Data system. They can be the
'reporters' live at the scene, sending status updates and requests to the Data
Concentrators. They also ensure delivery of responses to the persons making
status requests.
Emergency responders, their families, evacuees located at a particular shelter,
and responsible agency officials access the ARES/Data system by contacting a
participating amateur radio operator.
DESCRIPTION and OPERATION of the ARES/Data SYSTEM V. 0.1
The ARES/Data Program
The ARES/Data software was written by W. E. Moerner, WN6I, and David Palmer,
N6KL. It may be run in either of two modes: stand-alone with no TNC support
and no remote access, or by changing the configuration file, the program will
control a TNC that allows multiple (simultaneous) remote connections. If TNC
support is chosen, the program requires a TNC with WA8DED firmware, because
WA8DED host mode is used for communication between the computer and the TNC.
WA8DED firmware is currently available for the TAPR TNC-1 and TNC-2 as well as
the AEA PK-87. We emphasize that NO REQUIREMENT IS PLACED ON THE OTHER TNC'S
CONNECTED TO THE ARES/Data DATABASE MACHINE, except that they use AX.25
link-layer protocol. The ARES/Data program is written in Turbo Pascal Version
4, and uses Turbo Database Toolbox for management and indexing of its B-plus
structured tree. [Turbo Pascal and Turbo Database Toolbox are trademarks of
Borland International, Inc.] Briefly, ARES/Data may be regarded as a
specialized multiple connect BBS with a specific command set tailored to the
handling of STATUS INPUT information and SEARCH REQUESTS.
The ARES/Data database is simply a collection of records. Each record consists
of four main items or "fields" plus a message item. The information in the
four main fields can be sorted or searched as required. The rest of this
section provides examples and a condensed user manual for the ARES/Data system.
General Rules for Current Information Input / Search Requests
All basic commands can be entered either at the main ARES/Data keyboard or at
any one of the remotely connected packet stations. In addition, the operator
at the main ARES/Data keyboard (the "sysop") has an additional set of commands
that allow direct communication with the TNC, the printing of a log, backups,
and disk report files.
Syntax for Current Information Input:
To add a record to the database, the operator simply enters the four fields and
any message, in order, with separators between the fields. The only valid
separator is the comma. Within a field, leading and trailing blanks are
ignored, but imbedded blanks ARE significant. If no value is desired for a
particular field, just skip the field by adding an extra comma. The database
will fill that field with ten blank characters. For example,
field1,field2,field3,field4,message<cr>
(<cr> means carriage return)
Fields 1 through 4
The four fields are very general. Each can have up to 20 characters, with
imbedded blanks. The meaning of each field is defined at the beginning of the
event by the ARES officials, depending upon the nature of the event and what
type of information needs to be tracked. The sysop can issue a "labels"
command that will give specific names to each of the four fields to help the
operators remember the purpose of each field for a particular event.
Message
MESSAGE is an optional, free-form field that can be up to 80 characters in
length. It could contain a message, a phone number, an address, or other
information deemed useful for the incident.
Examples of Data Input with Sample Responses from ARES/Data
85553195,joe,12,sj34<cr>
response-> 1040: data input accepted, #234.
Johnson,Mary,93445,sj13, home 2333 Alsace Ln SJ 617-555-2368<cr>
response-> 2134: data input accepted, #114.
All of the input information is stored in the database as a record of the
status and location of a particular person at a particular time and date. The
time and date are added automatically by ARES/Data. The number at the end of
the response is the actual "record number" associated with the input
information assigned by ARES/Data. Further data input packets for the same
person will also be saved in the database under a new record number. The time
and date identifies which information is most recent.
Syntax for Search Requests
The search commands instruct the database to look for ALL entries with the same
value for field 1, 2, 3, or 4. For example:
/1,value<cr> Searches for "value" in field 1
/2,value<cr> Searches for "value" in field 2
/3,value<cr> Searches for "value" in field 3
/4,value<cr> Searches for "value" in field 4
(For convenience in typing, the character question mark "?" may be used instead
of the diagonal bar "/"--both are treated identically). A status report
listing all information for each match in the field specified is sent back to
the requesting packet station. The first line gives the search value and the
field number. VALUE must exactly match what was originally typed in for the
selected field, with leading and trailing blanks removed, and without regard
for case. At the end of the report, the line
ARES/Data Search done at HHMM, nn hits.
is sent, which signifies no more information coming, and that "nn" matches (or
hits) were found in the database at time "HHMM".
Examples of Search Requests:
/1,5553195<cr>
/2,w1aw<cr>
/3,mercyhosp<cr>
/4,85563<cr>
Example Response from ARES/Data for the last case:
Search for value "85563" in Field4
Recno DT/Time: Field1,Field2,Field3,Field4,Msg
29 13/1225: JOHNSON JOE,M35,SHELTER 1,85563, MISSING DOG AND CAT
59 13/1257: DOE JANE,F23,SH05,85563, 2 CHILDREN
ARES/Data search done at 1259, 2 hits.
Syntax for Summary Requests
A Summary command is provided that prints a breakdown of the number of
like-named items for any particular field. For example, if ARES/Data were
being used to maintain a list of evacuees, and field 3 was designated for
"shelter location", then the command "$3" would print a list of all distinct
shelter names in use, and adjacent to each, the number of records (people) in
the database at each shelter would be printed.
$1<cr> Produces a summary on field 1
$2<cr> Produces a summary on field 2
$3<cr> Produces a summary on field 3
$4<cr> Produces a summary on field 4
Sample Output from a Summary Request:
Database summary for Field3 at 1455 on 23
OAK GROVE 3
PIONEERHS 20
EASTVIEW 66
SHLTR5 37
ARES/Data done at 1456, found 4 distinct values, entire DB has 153 records.
Listing Specific Entries (Records) in the Database
Each record is automatically assigned a unique record number for identification
purposes.
l nnnnn<cr> lists record nnnnn
Deleting Specific Entries (Records) from the Database
This function is always enabled at the sysop keyboard. Its use by remotely
connected packet stations is controlled initially by the configuration file
during program startup. Thereafter, the sysop can disable or enable this
function as necessary. Be extremely careful in using this command! Always
list the record first before deleting to be sure you have the right one.
d nnnnn<cr> deletes record nnnnn
Conference Bridge (Roundtable)
This feature allows any connected station to send messages to other connected
stations or to the sysop. The conference bridge illustrates how the ARES/Data
system operates as a hub-oriented network, with all transactions passing
through the central database station.
Users Command
The users command in the form "users<cr>" or "u<cr>" returns a list of the
callsigns of packet stations currently connected to ARES/Data. The response is
of the form:
At WN6I-1: N6KL W6BB-3 AJ6T
Tell Command
The Tell command allows connected packet stations to use ARES/Data as a
conference bridge, or roundtable. The general format is:
tell callsign message<cr> or t callsign message<cr>
For example:
tell w6bb-3 We have lots of people here at SJ12<cr>
The message "We have lots of people here at SJ12" is sent to the connected
station W6BB-3 prefaced by a time stamp and the call of the station originating
the tell command. In this case, if the tell command was sent by AJ6T, W6BB-3
sees:
1230 AJ6T> We have lots of people here at SJ12
The special callsign "*" or "all" is used to send a message to all connected
stations. The special callsign "sysop" sends the message to the sysop at the
ARES/Data database station. It is not necessary to enter the entire callsign--
just the suffix or some other substring will do. In this case, the message is
sent to any connected station whose callsign contains this substring. This
feature can be used to create multiple roundtables. For example, packet
stations located at, say, hospitals could adopt sub¬station identifiers (SSIDs)
of "-1", while those located at shelters could use SSIDs of "-2". This way,
broadcast messages of interest to either group can be easily sent without
disrupting the other group. For example:
tell -1 Mercy Hospital has 12 beds available.<cr>
This message would be sent to all stations that were part of the hospital net.
EXAMPLES OF HOW TO USE ARES/Data IN SPECIFIC DISASTER SCENARIOS
- In an evacuation of residents in a local area, the Red Cross often maintains
health and welfare status information about evacuees. In this case, the four
fields and the comment field might be defined to be:
Last Name - First Name, Shelter, Number in Family, Last phone, Next of kin
- In a multiple-casualty event where victim transportation needs to be
tracked:
Name, Sex/Age, Ambulance#, Hospital, Injuries
- In a ham radio staffing situation:
Call, Name, Location, Shift, phone number for cancellation
- In a disaster situation where damage assessment and damage reports are
needed:
Coded type of damage, Location, Number of injuries, Callsign, comment
There are many more possibilities, of course. This is why the exact
definitions of the various fields are not defined in advance. In any given
situation, more information than will fit into four fields and a comment field
might be needed. However, on today's 1200 baud packet radio networks, not much
more information per record can be accommodated without restricting the total
number of records that can be handled in a reasonable time.
HOW TO OBTAIN YOUR COPY OF THE ARES/Data PROGRAM
The ARES/Data program, a relative of and successor to the FINDER program, is in
the public domain. The current version is 0.1, which operates as described in
this paper. A copy of the program along with the documentation is available
for non-commercial, non-profit use from WN6I or N6KL by sending a blank,
formatted 5 1/4" (360 kB) or 3 1/2" (720 kB) floppy in a mailer with return
postage stamps. The cost to you is the cost of the diskette and postage. No
other compensation can or will be accepted - please do not send money. We have
included a configuration file facility so that you can tailor many parameters
to your specific system.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The ARES/Data program is continuously being updated to add additional function
and flexibility. For example, multiple TNC operation at the main database is
being added to the program to allow more data concentrators on multiple
frequencies. Database enhancements include substring searches and the ability
to update a specific field for a specific record. We encourage your comments
and suggestions, and will strive to incorporate them in future releases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The ARES/Data concept is a generalization of the FINDER system, and the
deliberations of the FINDER committee have contributed greatly to the present
form of ARES/Data:
Sharon Moerner, N6MWD, FINDER Committee Chairperson
Dick Rawson, N6CMJ
Randy Miltier, N6HMO
Weo Moerner, WN6I
David Palmer, N6KL
Bill Robinson, WB6OML
Don De Groot, KA6TGE
Glenn Thomas, WB6W, SCV Section Manager
Don Tsusaki, WW6Z, FINDER manual editor
In addition, we have benefited from all ham radio operators in the Santa Clara
Valley Section that have participated in the various alpha and beta tests of
the FINDER and ARES/Data systems.